Перевод 'kusalā dhammā'

[Ассаджи]

В воскресенье на встрече в Скайпе завязалось обсуждение актуальной темы - перевода словосочетания "kusalā dhammā".

Прежде всего, приведу соответствующий отрывок из словарной статьи Маргарет Коун:

kusalā dhammā, right practices or actions; good conduct; virtues; factors conducing to well-being;
Vin I 103,13 (pamukham etam ~ānam dhammānam, tena vuccati pātimokkhan ti);
II 188,2 (hāni yeva ... Devadattassa pāṭikankhā ~esu dhammesu no vuddhi);
D III 102,12 (tatr' ime ~ā dhammā, seyyathidam cattāro satipatthānā cattāro sammappadhānā...);
M I 184,30 (ye keci ~ā dhammā sabbe te catusu ariyasaccesu sangahaṃ gacchanti);
402,17 (kāyasucaritam vacisucaritam manosucaritam ime tayo ~e dhamme abhinivajjetvā ...);
Th 83 (bhāvehi ~am dhammam);
Ja III 274,3* (icc ete ~e dhamme ṭhite passāmi attani);
Dhs 1 (katame dhammā ~ā);
Mil 13,5 (aham... ~ā dhammā akusalā dhammā avyākatā dhammā ti imesu tisu padesu pakkhipitvā sabbam tarn abhidhammapitakam vitthārena osāressāmī ti);
33,14 (sīlam ... saddhā viriyam sati samādhi ime te ~ā dhammā ti);



Из "Критического словаря пали":

a-kusalā dhammā, Dhs §30, etc.;
DN III 56,20 (Sv);
73,20;
AN IV 363,10,
MN III 48,17 (abhivaddhanti, parihāyanti);
~ānaṁ dhammānaṁ pahānaṁ,
MN I 93,23;
III 215,3;
pāpakā ~ā dhammā,
MN I 221,6 (Ps),
Mil 226,15;

[Ассаджи]

А теперь отрывки из упомянутых в словарных статьях сутт, с переводами Бхиккху Бодхи.

МН 60, Апаннака сутта

''Tatra, gahapatayo, ye te samaṇabrāhmaṇā evaṃvādino evaṃdiṭṭhino – 'atthi dinnaṃ...pe... ye imañca lokaṃ parañca lokaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā pavedentī'ti tesametaṃ pāṭikaṅkhaṃ? Yamidaṃ  kāyasucaritaṃ, vacīsucaritaṃ, manosucaritaṃ – ime tayo kusale dhamme abhinivajjetvā  yamidaṃ  kāyaduccaritaṃ, vacīduccaritaṃ, manoduccaritaṃ – ime tayo akusale dhamme samādāya vattissanti.

"Now, householders, of those recluses and brahmins whose doctrine and view is this: 'There is nothing given ... no good and virtuous recluses and brahmins in the world who have themselves realised by direct knowledge and declare this world and the other world,' it is to be expected that they will avoid these three wholesome states, namely, good bodily conduct, good verbal conduct, and good mental conduct, and that they will undertake and practise these three unwholesome states, namely, bodily misconduct, verbal misconduct, and mental misconduct."

ДН 25, Удумбарика сутта

Santi ca kho, nigrodha, akusalā dhammā appahīnā saṃkilesikā ponobbhavikā sadarā  dukkhavipākā āyatiṃ jātijarāmaraṇiyā, yesāhaṃ pahānāya dhammaṃ desemi.

There are, Nigrodha, unwholesome things that have not been abandoned, tainted, conducive to rebirth, fearful, productive of painful results in the future, associated with birth, decay and death. It is for abandonment of these things that I teach Dhamma.

ДН 26, Чаккаватти-сиханада сутта

''Atha kho tesaṃ, bhikkhave, sattānaṃ evaṃ bhavissati – 'mayaṃ kho akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ samādānahetu evarūpaṃ āyataṃ ñātikkhayaṃ pattā. Yaṃnūna mayaṃ kusalaṃ kareyyāma. Kiṃ kusalaṃ kareyyāma? Yaṃnūna mayaṃ pāṇātipātā virameyyāma, idaṃ kusalaṃ dhammaṃ samādāya vatteyyāmā'ti.

And then the thought will occur to these beings: "It is only because we became addicted to evil ways that we suffered this loss of our kindred, so let us now do good! What good things can we do? Let us abstain from the taking of life - that will be a good practice."

ДН 28, Сампасадания сутта

''Aparaṃ pana, bhante, etadānuttariyaṃ, yathā bhagavā dhammaṃ deseti kusalesu dhammesu. Tatrime kusalā dhammā seyyathidaṃ, cattāro satipaṭṭhānā, cattāro sammappadhānā, cattāro iddhipādā, pañcindriyāni, pañca balāni, satta bojjhaṅgā, ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo.

"Also, lord, the Blessed Lord's way of teaching Dhamma in regard to the wholesome factors is unsurpassed, that is to say: the four foundations of mindfulness, the four right efforts, the four roads to power, the five spiritual faculties, the five mental powers, the seven factors of enlightenment, the Noble Eightfold Path.

[Ассаджи]

В Калама сутте ( http://dhamma.ru/canon/an/an3-65.htm ) в качестве "akusalā dhammā" приводятся алчность, ненависть и заблуждение, в связке с нарушением этических правил, а в качестве "kusalā dhammā" отсутствие этих пороков, в связке с соблюдением этических правил.

Как описывается в Севитабб-асевитабба сутте (МН 114), алчность и ненависть относятся к категории умственного поведения (перевод Бхиккху Бодхи):

''Kathaṃrūpaṃ, bhante, manosamācāraṃ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti? Idha, bhante, ekacco abhijjhālu hoti, yaṃ taṃ parassa paravittūpakaraṇaṃ taṃ abhijjhātā hoti – 'aho vata yaṃ parassa taṃ mamassā'ti; byāpannacitto kho pana hoti paduṭṭhamanasaṅkappo – 'ime sattā haññantu vā vajjhantu vā ucchijjantu vā vinassantu vā mā vā ahesu'nti – evarūpaṃ, bhante, manosamācāraṃ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti.

''Kathaṃrūpaṃ, bhante, manosamācāraṃ sevato akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti? Idha, bhante, ekacco anabhijjhālu hoti, yaṃ taṃ parassa paravittūpakaraṇaṃ taṃ nābhijjhātā hoti – 'aho vata yaṃ parassa taṃ mamassā'ti; abyāpannacitto kho pana hoti appaduṭṭhamanasaṅkappo – 'ime sattā averā abyābajjhā [abyāpajjhā (sī. syā. kaṃ. pī. ka.)] anīghā sukhī attānaṃ pariharantū'ti – evarūpaṃ, bhante, manosamācāraṃ sevato akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti.

"And what kind of mental conduct causes unwholesome states to increase and wholesome states to diminish in one who cultivates it? Here someone is covetous; he covets the wealth and property of others thus: 'Oh, may what belongs to another be mine!' Or he has a mind of ill will and intentions of hate thus: 'May these beings be slain and slaughtered, may they be cut off, perish, or ne annihilated!' Such mental conduct causes unwholesome states to increase and wholesome states to diminish in one who cultivates it.

"And what kind of mental conduct causes unwholesome states to diminish and wholesome states to increase in one who cultivates it? Here someone is not covetous; he does not covet the wealth and property of others thus: 'Oh, may what belongs to another be mine!' His mind is without ill will and he has intentions free of hate thus: 'May these beings be free from enmity, affliction and anxiety! May they live happily!' Such mental conduct causes unwholesome states to diminish and wholesome states to increase in one who cultivates it."

[Ассаджи]

Профессор Казинс пишет о связи "kusalā dhammā" с медитативными практиками:

This brings me to the very large number of passages in which kusala is linked with dhamma, either in the singular or more often in the plural. It is important to note that many of the passages here are meditational in their orientation. So in the Mahāvagga (Vin I 104) the Buddha declares that if a monk does not make known a Vinaya offence when the Pātimokkha is recited, this would be a deliberate lie and a deliberate lie is an obstacle. The text defines an obstacle (antar āyiko dhammo), first of all as an obstacle to achieving the first jhāna, then successively to the remaining jhānas up to the fourth, then various kinds of meditational experience are mentioned, ending (summarizing) with "to the achieving of skilful dhammas." Similarly, in the discussionof the fourth pārājika (at Vin III 91), in the list of higher states which must not be falsely claimed by the monk these meditational attainments (jhāna, vimokkha, samādhi, etc.) are referred to as skilful dhammas.

This kind of direct linkage between higher states and skilfulness is found in a number of contexts.(35) So in the Saṃyutta-nikāya we find the ascetic who wishes to attain a skilful dhamma and realize higher states (uttari-manussa-dhamma; alam-ariya-ñāṇa-dassana). In the Lohicca-sutta we meet the idea that if someone attains a skilful dhamma, he should not tell anyone else. Or the Buddha is asked if he has achieved this skilful dhamma for a long while. Again in the A"nguttara-nikāya we learn of the six factors which make a monk fit (or unfit) to attain a skilful dhamma: he is skilful in coming, skilful in going, skilful as to means (upāyakusala), he arouses the purpose (chanda) of attaining a skilful dhamma which has not been attained, he guards skilful dhammas which have been attained and is successful in constant action. Compare too passages in which are found the expression: (he succeeds in) the method, the dhamma that is skilful (...ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ).(36) Usually this makes the point that, whether householder or renunciant, he can succeed if he follows the right way i.e. the eightfold path.

Similar usages occur in the plural too.(37) So in the Majjhima-nikāya, when the Jains admit to not knowing: "the arousing of skilful dhammas", the reference must be to the apparent absence of the higher jhānas in the Jain system.(38) Or, in the A"nguttara-nikāya, when skilful dhammas explicitly refer to mental peace (cetosamatha) within and insight into dhammas from the standpoint of wisdom (adhipaññādhammavipassanā). In the Paṭisambhidā-magga we are even told that all skilful dhammas lead in the direction of the liberations (vimokkhānuloma).

There are a great many places in which skilful dhammas are referred to briefly or without much qualification, where it is not possible to be sure whether the intention is to refer specifically to meditational states. Nevertheless, this is probably the meaning which should be assumed in the majority of cases. I do not wish to argue that a broader usage which includes other desirable states is entirely excluded, only that in such cases the expression points primarily to meditational practice. This makes translation by such expressions as "good states " misleading; for such renderings point first and foremost to the ordinary ethical dimension and only secondarily to meditational experience. By contrast I believe the intention of the Pali texts in these passages is to point first to the jhānas and the states later known as the dhammas contributing to awakening (bodhi-pakkhiya). In other words the use of kusala in these contexts is concerned with the fact that these are special states which are, directly or indirectly, produced by wisdom. That is why they are called "skilful".

There are equally a great many passages where the meditational context is beyond real dispute. One example of this is the occurrence of skilful dhammas in the formula of the four right efforts and in related formulae concerned with vigour (viriya), such as descriptions of effort (vāyāma) in the eightfold path.(39) This of course is simply a specific case of the bodhi-pakkhiyas in general and indeed the seven sets are sometimes cited in relation to
kusala:

But, Venerable sir, there is another incomparable quality (ānuttariya): how the Lord teaches dhamma as regards skilful dhammas. As to that, the skilful dhammas are as follows: four establishings of mindfulness, four right efforts, four bases of success, five faculties, five powers, seven factors of awakening, the noble eightfold path ... That, Venerable Sir, is an incomparable quality as regards skilful dhammas ... there is nothing further to be known by higher knowledge, such that another mendicant or brahmin, knowing by higher knowledge, would know more deeply i.e. as regards skilful dhammas.(40)

Sometimes the link is made directly to the first of the seven sets: the four establishings of mindfulness.(41) So for example in the Janavasabha-suttanta we are told by Brahmā Sanaṃkumāra that the four establishings of mindfulness were made known for the purpose of attaining the skilful -- here the reference must be to the remaining six sets. Some at least of the discourses, where things kusala are mentioned in a context which lead up to a culmination with the eightfold or the tenfold path, probably belong here.(42) Compare also the Kāya-gatā-sati-sutta where we are told, in relation to the person who has brought into being, made much of and immersed himself in mindfulness of the body, that whatever skilful dhammas he has are connected with the knowledges (vijjā-bhāgiya) i.e. lead to the three knowledges.(43)

When in the Mahā-hatthi-padopama-sutta Sāriputta tells (M I 184) us that all skilful dhammas are included in the four noble truths, we should again interpret skilful dhammas here as referring to meditational states. Indeed, this is made clear later in the sutta by the references to equipoise connected with the skilful. More generally, there are many passages in which skilful dhammas are spoken of in association with bhāvanā "bringing into being" or some form of the verb bhāveti.(44) In most of these what is implied is the technical sense of these words, as referring to the bringing into being of the eightfold path in particular or the dhammas which contribute to awakening in general i.e. the fourth noble truth. This is even more likely to be the case when the skilful to be brought into being is contrasted with the unskilful "to be abandoned" i.e. the corresponding function of the second noble truth.(45) No doubt closely related to this is the idea of achieving a stage of fixity in relation to skilful dhammas, an idea closely related to some interpretations of what is meant by stream-entry.(46)

There are a number of passages which refer to someone who is (not) applying insight (vipassaka) to skilful dhammas.(47) Sometimes this probably refers to a type of insight meditation.(48) However, it also merges into contexts where skilful dhammas or the skilful is simply the object of doubt or wisdom.(49)

...

Skilled in meditational/mystical (/ascetic?) practices (in the early Pali sources and, no doubt, in other contemporary traditions), including skilled in the kind of behaviour which supports meditation, etc. i.e. sīla, etc.

http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/2010/04/06/good-or-skillful-kusala-in-canon-and-commentary-by-l-s-cousins/

[Ассаджи]

Думаю, что перевод "умелое поведение" (по Апаннака сутте) может более-менее объединить в себе действия и состояния.

[Ассаджи]

В суттах много раз встречается оборот "appamādo kusalesu dhammesu".

В Аттхакатхе объясняется:

Kusalesu dhammesu appamādo nāma ''kusalānaṃ vā dhammānaṃ bhāvanāya asakkaccakiriyatā asātaccakiriyatā anaṭṭhitakiriyatā olīnavuttitā nikkhittachandatā nikkhittadhuratā anāsevanā abhāvanā abahulīkammaṃ anadhiṭṭhānaṃ ananuyogo pamādo. Yo evarūpo pamādo pamajjanā pamajjitattaṃ, ayaṃ vuccati pamādo''ti (vibha. 846) ettha vuttassa pamādassa paṭipakkhanayena atthato kusalesu dhammesu satiyā avippavāso veditabbo. So nānappakārakusalādhigamahetuto amatādhigamahetuto ca ''maṅgala''nti vuccati. Tattha ''appamattassa ātāpino''ti (ma. ni. 2.18-19; a. ni. 5.26) ca ''appamādo amatapada''nti (dha. pa. 21) ca evamādi satthusāsanaṃ anussaritabbaṃ.

Evaṃ imissā gāthāya pāpā virati, majjapānā saṃyamo, kusalesu dhammesu appamādoti tīṇi maṅgalāni vuttāni, maṅgalattañca nesaṃ tattha tattha vibhāvitamevāti.

[Кхантибало]

Смущает вот это место в Гиримананда сутте (вроде здесь не упоминалась?):
«Katamā cānanda, pahānasaññā? Idhānanda, bhikkhu uppannaṃ kāmavitakkaṃ nādhivāseti, pajahati , vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṃ gameti. Uppannaṃ byāpādavitakkaṃ nādhivāseti, pajahati, vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṃ gameti. Uppannaṃ vihiṃsāvitakkaṃ nādhivāseti, pajahati, vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṃ gameti. Uppannuppanne pāpake akusale dhamme nādhivāseti, pajahati, vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṃ gameti.

С этими akusalā dhammā предлагается делать то же самое, что и с разными видами мышления. Здесь речь чисто об умственных качествах или, если это виды поведения, значит, что описанные выше виды мышления уже привели к каким-то поступкам?

[Ассаджи]

Смущает вот это место в Гиримананда сутте (вроде здесь не упоминалась?):
«Katamā cānanda, pahānasaññā? Idhānanda, bhikkhu uppannaṃ kāmavitakkaṃ nādhivāseti, pajahati , vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṃ gameti. Uppannaṃ byāpādavitakkaṃ nādhivāseti, pajahati, vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṃ gameti. Uppannaṃ vihiṃsāvitakkaṃ nādhivāseti, pajahati, vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṃ gameti. Uppannuppanne pāpake akusale dhamme nādhivāseti, pajahati, vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṃ gameti.

С этими akusalā dhammā предлагается делать то же самое, что и с разными видами мышления. Здесь речь чисто об умственных качествах или, если это виды поведения, значит, что описанные выше виды мышления уже привели к каким-то поступкам?

Мыслительные действия - один из видов поступков (мано-камма). Подробнее это расписано, например, в Амбалаттхика-рахуловада сутте.

Соответственно, от неумелых способов умственного поведения (так сказать, вредных привычек мышления), надо избавляться.

[Кхантибало]

Хорошо, получается, что в общем случае речь о поведении тела, речи и ума, но иногда только об умственном поведении?

[Ассаджи]

Хорошо, получается, что в общем случае речь о поведении тела, речи и ума, но иногда только об умственном поведении?

Да, особенно в связи с тем, что основной фокус практики на нём.

[Ассаджи]

В Сутта-нипате 4.11 ложь (как способ поведения) перечисляется среди дхамм вместе со злостью и неуверенностью:

Chando nu lokasmiṃ kutonidāno,
Vinicchayā cāpi kutopahūtā
Kodho mosavajjañca kathaṃkathā ca,
Ye vāpi dhammā samaṇena vuttā

Where does desire come from in the world?
And decision-making, where does that originate?
And anger, lying, and doubt,
the things also spoken of by the ascetic.

Kodho mosavajjañca kathaṅkathā ca,
Etepi dhammā dvayameva sante;
Kathaṅkathī ñāṇapathāya sikkhe,
Ñatvā pavuttā samaṇena dhammā
   
Anger, lying, and doubt:
these things are also present because of [that] duality.
A doubting person should train in the ways of knowledge.
These things were spoken of by the ascetic after knowing them.

[Ассаджи]

Включение умственных поступков в поведение созвучно современному "прикладному анализу поведения".

Поведение — это активность живого организма. Человеческое поведение включает в себя весь спектр человеческой деятельности. Такие внутренние процессы, как мышление или переживание эмоций, также являются поведением. Поведение что-то или нет можно определить, применив так называемый «тест мертвеца»:

Если мёртвый может сделать это, значит, это не поведение. И если мёртвый это сделать не может, значит это поведение.

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F

[Ассаджи]

В словаре пали Маргарет Коун пишется:

pāpa-dhammi(n), mfn., of evil ways; ...