PALI TRANSLATION CHEAT SHEET:

Declensions; singular and plural for all 8 cases:

Declens. Example	masc. -a nara	neut. -a phala	fem. -aa vanitaa	fem. -i bhuumi	fem. -ii nadii	fem. -u dhenu	masc. -i aggi
Nom. S.	-o	-a.m	-aa	-i	-ii	-u	-i
Voc. S.	-a	-a	-e	-i	-ii	-u	-i
Acc. S.	-a.m	-a.m	-a.m	-i.m	-i.m	-u.m	-i.m
Ins. S.	-ena	-ena	-aaya	-iyaa	-iyaa	-uyaa	-inaa
Abs. S.	-aa (-amhaa) (-asmaa)	-aa (-amhaa) (-asmaa)	-aaya	-iyaa	-iyaa	-uyaa	-inaa -imhaa -ismaa
Dat. S.	-aaya -assa	-aaya -assa	-aaya	-iyaa	-iyaa	-uyaa	-ino -issa
Gen. S.	-assa	-assa	-aaya	-iyaa	-iyaa	-uyaa	-ino -issa
Loc. S.	-e (-amhi) (-asmi.m)	-e (-amhi) (-asmi.m)	-aaya -aaya.m	-iyaa (-iya.m)	-iyaa (-iya.m)	-uyaa -uya.m	-imhi -ismi.m
Nom. P.	-aa	-aani (-aa)	-aayo (-aa)	-iyo -ii	-iyo -ii	-uu -uyo	-ii -ayo
Voc. P.	-aa	-aani	-aayo (-aa)	-iyo -ii	-iyo -ii	-uu -uyo	-ii -ayo
Acc. P.	-e	-aani (-e)	-aayo (-aa)	-iyo -ii	-iyo -ii	-uu -uyo	-ii -ayo
Ins. P.	-ehi (-ebhi)	-ehi (-ebhi)	-aahi (-aabhi)	-iihi (-iibhi)	-iihi (-iibhi)	-uuhi (-uubhi)	-iihi (-iibhi)
Abs. P.	-ehi (-ebhi)	-ehi (-ebhi)	-aahi (-aabhi)	-iihi (-iibhi)	-iihi (-iibhi)	-uuhi (-uubhi)	-iihi (-iibhi)
Dat. P.	-aana.m	-aana.m	-aana.m	-iina.m	-iina.m	-uuna.m	-iina.m
Gen. P.	-aana.m	-aana.m	-aana.m	-iina.m	-iina.m	-uuna.m	-iina.m
Loc. P.	-esu	-esu	-aasu	-iisu	-iisu	-uusu	-iisu

Declens. Example	masc. -ii pakkhii	neut. -i atthi	masc. -u garu	masc. -uu viduu	neut. -u cakkhu	masc. -ar satthar	fem. -ar maatar	masc. or rarely neut. -as
Nom. S.	-ii	-i	-u	-uu	-u (-u.m)	-aa	-aa	-o
Voc. S.	-ii	-i	-u	-uu	-u	-aa -a	-aa -a, -e
Acc. S.	-ina.m -i.m	-i.m	-u.m -u	-u.m	-u.m (-u)	-aara.m	-ara.m	-o
Ins. S.	-inaa	-inaa	-unaa	-unaa	-unaa	-aaraa	-araa -uyaa	-asaa
Abs. S.	-inaa -imhaa -ismaa	-inaa	-unaa (-umhaa) (-usmaa)	-unaa (-umhaa) (-usmaa)	-unaa (-umhaa) (-usmaa)	-aaraa	-araa -uyaa	-asaa
Dat. S.	-ino -issa	-ino -issa	-uno -ussa	-uno (-ussa)	-uno -ussa	-u -uno -ussa	-u -uyaa -aaya	-aso
Gen. S.	-ino -issa	-ino -issa	-uno -ussa	-uno -ussa	-uno -ussa	-u -uno -ussa	-u -uyaa -aaya	-aso
Loc. S.	-ini -imhi -ismi.m	-ini -imhi -ismi.m	-umhi (-usmi.m)	-usmi.m (-umhi )	-usmi.m (-umhi )	-ari	-ari -uyaa -uya.m	-asi
Nom. P.	-ii -ino	-ii -iini	-uu -avo	-uu -uno	-uuni -uu	-aaro	-aro	-aa (m or n) or –aani (n)
Voc. P.	-ii -ino	-ii -iini	-uu -ave -avo	-uu -uno	-uu -uuni	-aaro	-aro
Acc. P.	-ii -ino	-ii -iini	-uu -avo	-uu -uno	-uuni -uu	-aaro	-aro	-e (m or n) or –aani (n)
Ins. P.	-iihi (-iibhi)	-iihi (-iibhi)	-uuhi (-uubhi)	-uuhi (-uubhi)	-uuhi (-uubhi)	-aarehi -uuhi	-arehi -uuhi	- ehi (-ebhi) (m or n)
Abs. P.	-iihi (-iibhi)	-iihi (-iibhi)	-uuhi (-uubhi)	-uuhi (-uubhi)	-uuhi (-uubhi)	-aarehi -uuhi	-arehi -uuhi	- ehi (-ebhi) (m or n)
Dat. P.	-iina.m	-iina.m	-uuna.m	-uuna.m	-uuna.m	-aaraana.m -uuna.m	-araana.m -uuna.m -aana.m	-aana.m
Gen. P.	-iina.m	-iina.m	-uuna.m	-uuna.m	-uuna.m	-aaraana.m -uuna.m	-araana.m -uuna.m -aana.m	-aana.m
Loc. P.	-iisu	-iisu	-uusu	-uusu	-uusu	-aaresu -uusu	-aresu -uusu	-esu

Personal Pronouns:

Personal Pronouns:	1st person	2nd person	3rd person M.	3rd person F.
Nom singular	aha.m	tva.m	so (sa sometimes)	saa
Acc singular	ma.m	ta.m (or tva.m)	ta.m	ta.m
Inst singular	mayaa and me(enc)	tayaa and te(enc)	tena	taaya
Gen singular	mama and me(enc) sometimes mayha.m	tava and te (enc)	tassa	tassaa
Dat singular	mama(.m) or me sometimes mayha.m	tava or te	tassa	tassaa
Abl singular	mayaa	tayaa	tasmaa or tasmhaa	taaya
Loc singular	mayi	tayi	tasmaa or tasmhaa	taaya(.m) or tassa.m
Nom plural	maya.m	tumhe	te	taa
Acc plural	amhe (or no)	tumhe (or vo)	te	taa
Instr plural	amhehi (no)	tumhehi (vo)	tehi	taahi
Gen plural	amhaaka.m (no)	tumhaaka.m (vo)	tesa.m	taasa.m
Dat plural	amhaaka.m (no)	tumhaaka.m (vo)	tesa.m	taasa.m
Abl plural	amhehi	tumhehi	tehi	taahi
Loc plural	amhesu	tumhesu	tesu	taasu

Demonstrative Pronouns: stem ta(d): the, this, that, those, the

Demonstrative Pronouns:	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom singular	so (sa sometimes)	saa	ta.m or tad
Acc singular	ta.m	ta.m	ta.m or tad
Inst singular	tena	taaya	tena
Gen singular	tassa	tassaa	tassa
Dat singular	tassa	tassaa	tassa
Abl singular	tasmaa or tamhaa	taaya	tasmaa or tamhaa
Loc singular	tasmi.m or tamhi	taaya(.m) or tassa.m	tasmi.m or tamhi
Nom plural	te	taa	taani
Acc plural	te	taa	taani
Inst plural	tehi	taahi
Gen plural	tesa.m	taasa.m	tesa.m
Dat plural	tesa.m	taasa.m	tesa.m
Abl plural	tehi	taahi	tehi
Loc plural	tesu	taasu	tesu

Demonstrative Pronouns: stem: eta(d): he, she, it, this, that, the used to denote a PRESENT person or object

same as above BUT with 'e' prefix on all forms. ex: eso, esaa, eta.m, etc.

Demonstrative Pronouns: stem: ida.m: he, she, it , this, the. If differentiated from etad, then ida.m is nearer.

Thus: ‘this’ as opposed to ‘that.’

Demonstrative Pronouns:	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom singular	aya.m	aya.m	ida.m
Acc singular	ima.m	ima.m	ida.m
Instr singular	iminaa	imaaya	iminaa
Gen singular	assa or imassa	assaa or imassaa	assa or imassa
Dat singular	assa or imassa	assaa or imassaa	assa or imassa
Abl singular	imamhaa or imasmaa	imaaya	imamhaa or imasmaa
Loc singular	asmi.m or imasmi.m	imaaya(.m)	asmi.m or imasmi.m
Nom plural	ime	imaa	imaani
Acc plural	ime	imaa	imaani
Instr plural	imehi	imaahi	imehi
Gen plural	imesa.m	imaasa.m	imesa.m
Dat plural	imesa.m	imaasa.m	imesa.m
Abl plural	imehi	imaahi	imehi
Loc plural	imesu	imaasu	imesu

Interrogative Pronouns:	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom singular	ko	kaa	ki.m
Acc singular	ka.m	ka.m	ki.m
Instr singular	kena	kaayaa	kena
Gen singular	kassa or kissa	kassaa	kassa or kissa
Dat singular	kassa	kassaa	kassa
Abl singular	kasmaa or kasmhaa	kaaya	kasmaa or kasmhaa
Loc singular	kismi.m or kimhi	kaaya(.m) or kassa.m	kismi.m or kimhi
Nom plural	ke	kaa	kaani
Acc plural	ke	kaa	kaani
Instr plural	kehi	kaahi	kehi
Gen plural	kesa.m	kaasa.m	kesa.m
Dat plural	kesa.m	kaasa.m	kesa.m
Abl plural	kehi	kaahi	kehi
Loc plural	kesu	kaasu	kesu

Relative Pronouns:	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom singular	yo	yaa	yam or yad
Acc singular	ya.m	ya.m	ya.m or yad
Instr singular	yena	yaayaa	yena
Gen singular	yassa	yassaa	yassa
Dat singular	yassa	yassaa	yassa
Abl singular	yasmaa or yasmhaa	yaaya	yasmaa or yasmhaa
Loc singular	yasmi.m or yamhi	yaaya(.m) or yassa.m	yasmi.m or yamhi
Nom plural	ye	yaa	yaani
Acc plural	ye	yaa	yaani
Instr plural	yehi	yaahi	yehi
Gen plural	yesa.m	yaasa.m	yesa.m
Dat plural	yesa.m	yaasa.m	yesa.m
Abl plural	yehi	yaahi	yehi
Loc plural	yesu	yaasu	yesu

Demonstrative pronoun “amu”: he, she, it, that--Warder p. 231

Reflexive and possesive pronouns:

Attan: Attan has its own conjugation (Warder p. 184).

Saya.m and saama.m: Saya.m and saama.m are indeclinables meaning “oneself.”

Saka: Saka is conjugated as adjective in agreement with the thing that is possessed, not the possessor.

Sa: Sa is conjugated as a pronominal adjective and is used like saka as well as in some compounds.

Numerals:

eka= "One" or "some" plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom singular	eko	ekaa	eka.m
Acc singular	eka.m	eka.m	eka.m
Instr singular	ekena	ekaayaa	ekena
Gen singular	ekassa	ekissaa	ekassa
Dat singular	ekassa	ekissaa	ekassa
Abl singular	ekasmaa or ekamhaa	ekaaya	ekasmaa or ekamhaa
Loc singular	ekasmi.m or ekamhi	ekissaa	ekasmi.m or ekamhi
Nom plural	eke	ekaa	ekaani
Acc plural	eke	ekaa	ekaani
Instr plural	ekehi	ekaahi	ekehi
Gen plural	ekesa.m	ekaasa.m	ekesa.m
Dat plural	ekesa.m	ekaasa.m	ekesa.m
Abl plural	ekehi	ekaahi	ekehi
Loc plural	ekesu	ekaasu	ekesu

Used as adjectives Same for all genders	stem dvi "two"	stem pa~nca "five"
Nom and Acc	dve	pa~nca
Ins	dviihi	pa~ncahi
Gen	dvinna.m	pa~ncanna.m
Dat	dvinna.m	pa~ncanna.m
Abl	dviihi	pa~ncahi
Loc	dviisu	pa~ncasu

ti= "three"	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom singular	tayo	tisso	tii.ni
Acc singular	tayo	tisso	tii.ni
Instr singular	tiihi	tiihi	tiihi
Gen singular	ti.n.na.m	tissanna.m	ti.n.na.m
Dat singular	ti.n.na.m	tissanna.m	ti.n.na.m
Abl singular	tiihi	tiihi	tiihi
Loc singular	tiisu	tiisu	tiisu

Catu(r)= “four”	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine
Nom and Acc	cattaaro	cattaari	catasso
Instr and Abl	catuuhi
Gen and Dat	catunna.m
Loc	catuusu

The following numerals are used as adjectives and conjugated like pa~nca (five):

cha(.l): six

satta: seven

a.t.tha: eight

nava: nine

dasa: ten

ekaadasa: eleven

dvaadasa: twelve

te.lasa: thirteen

cuddasa: fourteen

pa.n.narasa: fifteen

so.lasa: sixteen

sattarasa: seventeen

a.t.thaadasa: eighteen

The following numerals are used as nouns, are feminine singular and inflected like jaati:

viisati:twenty

sa.t.thi: sixty

sattati: seventy

asiiti: eighty

navuti: ninety

The following numerals are declined like neuter nouns in "a," are set in apposition with other nouns, and thus agree in case and but not gender and can be either singular or plural.

(t)ti.msa: thirty

cattaariisa: forty

pa~n~naasa: fifty

sata.m: "hundred"

sahassa.m: "thousand"

The following numbers are called "Ordinal Numbers" and mean "first" "second" "third" etc. They are declined like adjectives in "a".:

pa.thama: first

dutiya: second

tatiya: third

Catuttha: fourth

Pa~ncama: fifth

cha.t.tha: sixth

Verb Forms:

Tense	3rd Person Sing.	2nd Person Sing.	1st Person Sing.	3rd Person Plural	2nd Person Plural	1st Person Plural
Indi. Act. (Present) I/III -a	-ati	-asi	-aami	-anti	-atha	-aama
V -aa	-aati	-aasi	-aami	-anti	-aatha	-aama
VII/casu -e	-eti -ayati	-esi -ayasi	-emi -ayaami	-enti -ayanti	-etha -ayatha	-ema -ayaama
VI -O	-oti	-osi	-omi	-onti	-otha	-oma
II	-~njati	-~njasi	-~njaami	~njanti	~njatha	~njaama
IV	-.noti	-.nosi	-.nomi	never	-.notha	-.noma
Future	-(i)ssati	-(i)ssasi	-(i)ssaami	-(i)ssanti	-(i)ssatha	-(i)ssaama
Optative	-eyya	-eyyaasi	-eyyaam(i)	-eyyu.m	-eyyaatha	-eyyaama
Imper -a	-atu	-a -ahi	-aami	-antu	-atha	-aama
-e	-etu	-e -ehi	-emi	-entu	-etha	-ema
Aor main- (past) a	-i	-i	-i.m	-i.msu	-amittha	-amimhaa or -amimha
Aor - VII-e	-esi,	-esi	-esi.m	-esu.m	-ittha	-i.mha
Aor Less common (past)	-aasi,	-aasi	-aasi.m,	-a.msu	-attha	-amhaa
Ind. Passive conjugation	-(ii)yati	-(ii)yasi	-(ii)yaami	-(ii)yanti	-(ii)yatha	-(ii)yatama

Verb Form	Invariable
Gerund	-(i)tvaa (or) (t)ya (or) tvaana (or) tuuna
Infinitive	-(i)tu.m

Verb Form	Masculine, Neuter	Feminine
Present Participle -a	-anta -amaana	-antii -amaanaa
-e	-enta -ayamaana	-entii -ayamaanaa
Past Participle -a	-(i)ta	-(i)taa
Future Passive Participle	-(i)tabba -(anii)ya	-(i)tabbaa -(anii)yaa

Present Participle: irregular –ant conjugation (p. 169 Warder)

Perfect Tense:

Very rare. Only common with the verb “ah.”

3^rd sg = aaha

3^rd pl = aaha.msu

Action Nouns:

These end with -ana and sometimes take a patient in the accusative or genitive case. They may also take an agent in the genitive or instrumental.

Conjunctive Indeclinables:

Conjunctive: Ca (enclitic): and Pi (enclitic): also, too Atha (initial): then Distunctive: Vaa (enclitic) or, either Udaahu (initial) or? Adversative: Pana (enclitic): but, however Causal: Hi (enclitic): for, because Tasmaa: therefore Tad, ta.m: then, so

Emphatic: Kho (enclitic): indeed Khalu (enclitic): indeed Ha: indeed Hypothetical: Ce (enclitic): if Sace (initial): if Interrogative: Nu (enclitic): ? Nanu: isn’t it? Udaahi: or?

Comparisons:

Usually suffixed with “tara” and includes both comparative and superlative. Two other suffixes exist. “(ii)(y)ya” is usually comparative and “i.t.tha” is usually superlative. They are inflected as adjectives in “a.”

Abstract Nouns:

Add suffixes:

-taa (feminine)

-tta(.m)

Double abstracts sometimes occur.

Noun Prefixes:

a- or an- = negative

su- = well or good

du(r)- = ill or bad

Other negative prefixes: ni(r)-, vi-, apagata- (go away), vigata-(be expended), vita-, are used to express either mere negation or departure and loss.

Some negative words are prefixed with negative prefixes to create double negatives or strong affirmations.

Agent Nouns:

Nouns ending with “-(i)tar” expressing the “doing” of a verb. Verb root “Bhaas” = “to speak” becomes “bhaasitar” = “speaker” conjugation p. 210 Warder. Also family member titles frequently end with “tar.” Ex. “pitar” , “bhaatar” and “maatar.”

Ubho: “both” declined as on p. 274 Warder

Compounds: Please see my compound cheat sheet at my website for extensive information about compounds.